ORCID
0000-0001-9393-7633
Abstract
A persistent gap between educational theory and classroom practice underscores the need for methodological approaches that are reflective, participatory, and context responsive. This study provides a comparative review of four major educational design models, including research and development (R&D); Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation (ADDIE); design-based research (DBR); and educational design research (EDR), to examine their theoretical orientations and contemporary applications. A systematic literature synthesis and bibliometric mapping were conducted on 80 peer-reviewed journal articles indexed in Scopus between 2020 and 2025. The findings reveal that ADDIE remains the most frequently applied framework due to its procedural clarity and practical utility, whereas EDR demonstrates steady growth in studies emphasizing contextual inquiry, collaboration, and reflective design practices. Keyword co-occurrence analyses indicate a gradual methodological transition from technocratic models toward more participatory and theory-integrated paradigms. Overall, EDR emerges as a promising framework that unites theoretical advancement with practical innovation, offering a sustainable bridge between educational research and classroom implementation. These findings provide conceptual and empirical insights to inform scholars, educators, and policymakers in selecting design approaches that are both context sensitive and theoretically robust.
Appendix
data_scopus.csv (1).csv (156 kB)
This CSV file contains the bibliometric dataset used for analyzing trends in instructional design research models from 2020 to 2025. The data was exported from the Scopus database using a systematic search query including the terms ADDIE, R&D, DBR, and EDR. Each row represents a single publication and includes bibliographic metadata
This network map displays the relationships among frequently co-occurring keywords. Strong connections can be seen between addie, university, design principle, and educational design research, suggesting a we (1).jpeg (370 kB)
This network map displays the relationships among frequently co-occurring keywords. Strong connections can be seen between addie, university, design principle, and educational design research, suggesting a well-connected conceptual framework. The network structure reveals how different design models and institutional contexts are interlinked within the literature.
Annual Publication Trends of Educational Development Models (2020–2025) (1).png (156 kB)
This line chart shows the annual publication trends of four educational development models: ADDIE, Educational Design Research (EDR), Design-Based Research (DBR), and Research & Development (R&D) from 2020 to 2025. EDR shows a noticeable rise, peaking in 2023, while ADDIE maintains a consistent presence. DBR and R&D, however, appear stagnant, with minimal or no growth across the years.
Documents by Country or Territory (1).png (92 kB)
This horizontal bar chart displays the distribution of documents based on the authors' country of affiliation. Indonesia leads with 17 documents, followed by the Netherlands (9), Malaysia (8), and Germany (5). This indicates a strong research presence in Southeast Asia and Western Europe concerning the investigated topic.
This overlay visualization maps the temporal evolution of keyword usage. Brighter yellow tones indicate more recent usage (late 2022), while darker colors represent earlier usage. Keywords like educational de (1).jpeg (365 kB)
This overlay visualization maps the temporal evolution of keyword usage. Brighter yellow tones indicate more recent usage (late 2022), while darker colors represent earlier usage. Keywords like educational design research appear more recently, whereas addie and university are associated with earlier works. The map visually captures the shifting focus in educational research discourse.
Documents by Subject Area (1).png (181 kB)
This pie chart illustrates the distribution of documents by academic discipline. Social Sciences dominate the field with 55.6%, followed by Computer Science (11.1%), Psychology (6.9%), and Arts and Humanities (6.3%). The data reveals that most research on educational development models is anchored in the social sciences, with notable interdisciplinary links to technology, psychology, and humanities.
This density visualization shows the frequency and clustering of keywords used in the dataset. Terms such as addie, university, design principle, educational design research, and edr are central, with yellow areas indicati.jpeg (136 kB)
This density visualization shows the frequency and clustering of keywords used in the dataset. Terms such as addie, university, design principle, educational design research, and edr are central, with yellow areas indicating higher density. This highlights the core conceptual vocabulary in the scholarly conversation on educational design models.
