Date of Conferral

2-6-2026

Degree

Ph.D.

School

Psychology

Advisor

Mario Tovar

Abstract

Helicopter parenting has been extensively studied within the emerging adult population. However, previous studies have recruited their participants solely from a university setting. The current literature on grit and emerging adults is limited. Therefore, this study sought to add to the current literature by recruiting emerging adults through multiple platforms, such as multiple social media platforms, to allow non-university participants. This study also sought to add to the current literature on emerging adults and grit. Utilizing the theories of social learning theory and self-determination theory, the purpose of this quantitative, correlational study was to determine if helicopter parenting and grit were significant predictors of relational satisfaction in emerging adults. The 85 participants were adults ranging in age between 18 and 25, currently in a romantic relationship, and residing in the United States of America. The participants completed the Helicopter Parenting Scale, Grit Scale, and the Relational Assessment Scale. The results of the multiple linear regression indicated that helicopter parenting was significantly correlated with relationship parenting, though this relationship was considered statistically weak, adjusted R2 = .121, F = 6.771, p = < .001,  = -.378. However, grit was not found to be significantly correlated with relational satisfaction, p = .928. The results of this current study may differ from previous studies due to the recruitment process that allowed for a more diverse participant pool in terms of educational level, work experience, geographic location, and age. This study highlighted that the existing literature may need to be re-examined to better reflect the emerging adult experience outside of the university setting.

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