Date of Conferral

8-26-2025

Degree

Doctor of Human Services (D.H.S.)

School

Human Services

Advisor

Virginia Smith

Abstract

Bystanders play a vital role in reducing opioid overdose deaths by administering naloxone, a medication that can reverse the effects of opioids when used promptly. With opioid-related fatalities considered a public health emergency in the United States, increasing public access to naloxone and education on overdose prevention has become a key strategy in harm reduction. Research shows that these efforts effectively lower overdose deaths in affected communities. As part of this public health approach, many states allow individuals to obtain naloxone without a prescription through standing orders at pharmacies and community programs. Additionally, legal protections such as Good Samaritan laws shield both healthcare providers and bystanders from liability when prescribing, dispensing, or using naloxone during an overdose emergency. These measures collectively support the broader goal of preventing opioid-related fatalities. This qualitative study explored barriers to naloxone access in the state of Pennsylvania and identified strategies human service organizations can implement to improve overdose intervention. Through semi-structured interviews with 10 human services professionals, five key themes emerged describing barriers to naloxone access: structural/systemic barriers, stigma and fear, Narcan awareness and information gaps, human service organization gaps, and the need for community-based solutions. Despite existing standing orders and Good Samaritan protections, many individuals remain unaware that they have access to naloxone. The study recommends expanding Narcan training beyond clinical staff, increasing multilingual outreach, and building stronger community partnerships to enhance access, reduce stigma, and ultimately save lives.

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